A. Brother/Friend

"Blood is thicker than water."

This phrase has completely lost its original, covenant-related, meaning. Today, it is interpreted as meaning that blood-related family members are to be considered as more important than anyone else. However, the original meaning is, "The blood of the covenant is thicker than the water of the womb," or, "My relationship with those to whom I am joined in covenant is to be considered of more value than the relationship with a brother with whom I may have shared the womb."
 

"...there is a friend that sticks closer than a brother." (Prov18:24)

The term friend has also lost its original meaning. More than an acquaintance, or one that I have some amount of affection for, it is actually a term to be used to refer to one with whom I am joined, in covenant.

Excluding chesed, all of the following terms can somehow be connected with terminology in ancient near eastern treaties:

B'rit (Hebrew) or Diathêke (Greek)

Translated testament or covenant (preferred)
 

Karât B'rit (Hebrew)

Literally, to cut a covenant
 

Chesed (Hebrew)

Covenant love or solidarity
 

Shalom (Hebrew)

Peace or prosperity
 

Yeidah (Hebrew)

To serve faithfully in accordance with covenant terms